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The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce

CP2 Elements of Logic
Harvard University Press 1932

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Introduction
Book I. General and Historical Survey of Logic
Chapter 1. Critical Analysis of Logical Theories
1. Logic's Promises	1
2. Of Minute Accuracy	8
3. Different Methods in Logic
Chapter 2. Partial Synopsis of a Proposed Work in Logic
1. Originality, Obsistence, and Transuasion 79	79
2. Terms, Propositions, and Arguments	95
3. Clearness of Ideas	98
4. Abduction, Deduction, and Induction	100
5. Speculative Rhetoric	105
6. Objective Logic	111
Chapter 3. Why Study Logic?
1. The Pre-Logical Sciences	119
2. Ten Pre-Logical Opinions	123
3. The Objectivity of Truth	135
4. Direct Knowledge	140
5. Reasoning and Expectation	144
6. The Fallibility of Reasoning and the Feeling of Rationality	151
7. Reasoning and Conduct	175
8. Reasoning and Consciousness	179
9. Logica Utens	186
10. Logica Utens and Logica Docens	188
11. The Improvement of Reasoning	191
12. Esthetics, Ethics, and Logic	196
13. Utility of Logical Theory	201
14. Logic	203
Book II. Speculative Grammar
Chapter 1. Ethics of Terminology	219
Chapter 2. Division of Signs
1. Ground, Object, and Interpretant	227
2. Signs and Their Objects	230
3. Division of Triadic Relations	233
4. One Trichotomy of Signs	243
5. A Second Trichotomy of Signs	247
6. A Third Trichotomy of Signs	250
7. Ten Classes of Signs	254
8. Degenerate Signs	265
9. The Trichotomy of Arguments	266
10. Kinds of Propositions	271
11. Represent	273
Chapter 3. The Icon, Index and Symbol
1. Icons and Hypoicons	274
2. Genuine and Degenerate Indices	283
3. The Nature of Symbols	292
4. Sign	303
5. Index	305
6. Symbol	307
Chapter 4. Propositions
1. The Characteristics of Dicisigns 309
2. Subjects and Predicates	315
3. Dichotomies of Propositions	323
4. A Pragmatic Interpretation of the Logical Subject	328
5. The Nature of Assertion	332
6. Rudimentary Propositions and Arguments	344
7. Subject	357
8. Predicate	358
9. Predication	359
10. Quantity	362
11. Universal	367
12. Particular	372
13. Quality	374
14. Negation	378
15. Limitative	381
16. Modality	382
Chapter 5. Terms.
1. That these Conceptions are not so Modern as has been Represented	391
2. Of the Different Terms applied to the Quantities of Extension and Comprehension	393
3. Of the Different Senses in which the Terms Extension and Comprehension have been accepted	395
4. Denials of the Inverse Proportionality of the Two Quantities, and Suggestions of a Third Quantity	400
5. Three Principal Senses in which Comprehension and Extension will be taken in this Paper	407
6. The Conceptions of Quality, Relation, and Representation, applied to this Subject	418
7. Supplement of 1893	427
8. Signification and Application	431
Chapter 6. The Grammatical Theory of Judgement and Inference
1. Judgements	435
2. Inference	442
Book III. Critical Logic
A. Explicative Reasoning
Chapter 1. The Aristotelian Syllogistic
1. Pretensions of Demonstrative Reasoning 445	445
2. Rules and Cases	452
3. The Quadrant	455
Chapter 2. On the Natural Classification of Arguments
Part I
1. Essential Parts of an Argument	461
2. Relations between the Premisses and Leading Principle	465
3. Decomposition of Argument	468
4. Of a General Type of Syllogistic Argument	471
Part II
1. Of Apagogical Forms 475	475
2. Of Contradiction	476
3. Of Barbara	478
4. Of the First Figure	479
5. Second and Third Figures	480
6. The Theophrastean Moods	500
7. Mathematical Syllogisms	507
Part III
1. Induction and Hypothesis	508
2. Moods and Figures of Probable Inference	512
3. Analogy	513
4. Formal Relations of the Above Forms of Arguments	514
Chapter 3. Extension of the Aristotelian Logic
1. On a Limited Universe of Marks	517
2. General Canon of Syllogism	528
3. Hamilton's Quantification of the Predicate	532
4. Universe of Discourse	536
Chapter 4. Notes on Explicative Reasoning
1. Logical	537
2. Pure	544
3. Organon	547
4. Intention	548
5. Material Logic	549
6. Logical Contraposition and Conversion	550
7. Obversion	551
8. Syllogism	552
9. Middle Term and Middle	581
10. Premise and Premiss	582
11. Mnemonic Verses and Words	584
12. Reduction	585
13. Leading Principle	588
14. Nota Notæ	590
15. Laws of Thought	593
16. Regular Proof	601
17. Pertinent	602
18. Implicit	603
19. Observation	606
20. Spurious Proposition	607
21. Opposition	608
22. Inconsistency	609
23. Reductio ad Absurdum	612
24. Fallacies	613
25. Insolubilia	618
B. Ampliative Reasoning
Chapter 5. Deduction, Induction and Hypothesis
1. Rule, Case, and Result	619
2. Baroco and Bocardo; Hypothesis and Induction	626
3. Rules for Induction and Hypotheses	632
4. Empirical Formulae and Theories	636
5. On the Difference between Induction and Hypothesis	641
Chapter 6. The Doctrine of Chances
1. Continuity and the Formation of Concepts	645
2. The Problem of Probability	647
3. On Degrees of Probability	649
4. Three Logical Sentiments	652
5. Fundamental Rules for the Calculation of Chances	656
6. Notes on the Doctrine of Chances	661
Chapter 7. The Probability of Induction
1. Rules for the Addition and Multiplication of Probabilities	669
2. Materialistic and Conceptualistic Views of Probability	673
3. On the Chance of Unknown Events	680
4. On the Probability of Synthetical Inferences	685
5. The Rationale of Synthetic Inference	690
Chapter 8. A Theory of Probable Inference
1. Probable Deduction and Probability in General	694
2. Statistical Deduction	698
3. Induction	702
4. Hypothetic Inference	704
5. General Characters of Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis	708
6. Induction and Hypothesis; Indirect Statistical Inferences; General Rule for their Validity	715
7. First Special Rule for Synthetic Inference. Sampling must be Fair. Analogy	725
8. Second Special Rule for Synthetic Inference, that of Predesignation	735
9. Uniformities	741
10. Constitution of the Universe	744
11. Further Problems	751
Chapter 9. The Varieties and Validity of Induction
1. Crude, Quantitative, and Qualitative Induction	775
2. Mill on Induction	761
Chapter 10. Notes on Ampliative Reasoning
1. Reasoning	773
2. Validity	779
3. Proof	782
4. Probable Inference	783
5. Predesignate	788
6. Presumption	791
Appendix. Memoranda Concerning the Aristotelian Syllogism	792

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Contents

Introduction

Book I. General and Historical Survey of Logic

Book II. Speculative Grammar

Book III. Critical Logic